Slide 1: TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
Definition:
- A traumatic brain injury is a disruption in normal brain function caused by a blow, jolt, or penetrating injury to the head.
(TBI can range from mild to severe and may lead to long-term complications.)
Slide 2: CAUSES OF TBI
Common causes include:
- Falls – Most common, especially in children and the elderly
- Motor vehicle accidents – Major cause in adults
- Assaults – Physical violence can lead to brain injury
- Sports injuries – Common in contact sports
- Blast injuries – Often seen in military personnel
(These causes affect the brain by applying mechanical force or pressure.)
Slide 3: TYPES OF TBI
- Concussion – Mild, temporary loss of brain function
- Contusion – Bruising of the brain tissue
- Penetrating injury – Object enters the skull and damages brain
- Diffuse axonal injury – Damage to brain cells due to rapid movement
- Hematomas – Bleeding in or around the brain (e.g., subdural, epidural)
(Each type varies in severity and outcome depending on the area affected.)
Slide 4: SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- Physical: Headache, dizziness, vomiting, loss of consciousness
- Cognitive: Confusion, memory loss, difficulty concentrating
- Sensory: Blurred vision, ringing in ears, light sensitivity
- Behavioral/Emotional: Mood swings, irritability, depression
(Symptoms can appear immediately or develop over hours to days.)
Slide 5: DIAGNOSIS
- Neurological exam – Tests mental status, motor skills, and reflexes
- Imaging tests:
- CT scan – Quickly detects bleeding and swelling
- MRI – Shows more detailed brain tissue damage
- Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS): Used to assess severity
(Accurate diagnosis is key to timely and effective treatment.)
Slide 6: TREATMENT
- Mild TBI: Rest, observation, pain relief
- Moderate to Severe TBI:
- Emergency care to stabilize breathing and blood pressure
- Medications – Diuretics, anti-seizure drugs, coma-inducing drugs
- Surgery – Remove clots, repair skull fractures, relieve pressure
- Rehabilitation – Physical, occupational, and speech therapy
(Early treatment helps minimize complications and improve recovery.)
Slide 7: COMPLICATIONS
- Seizures
- Infections (if skull is penetrated)
- Cognitive impairment
- Emotional and behavioral changes
- Coma or vegetative state
(Some complications may be long-term or permanent.)
Slide 8: PREVENTION
- Wear helmets when riding bikes or playing contact sports
- Use seatbelts and child safety seats
- Prevent falls – Install grab bars, use non-slip mats
- Avoid alcohol and drugs while driving
- Safety education in sports and workplaces
(Prevention strategies reduce risk of injury significantly.)
Slide 9: PROGNOSIS
- Varies depending on the severity, location, and timing of treatment
- Some patients recover fully, others may have permanent impairments
- Rehabilitation is key to improving function and independence
(Early support improves quality of life and functional outcomes.)
Slide 10: CONCLUSION
- TBI is a serious condition that requires prompt attention
- Proper diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation are essential
- Awareness and prevention can reduce its incidence
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